This is by no means a comprehensive list, but these publications and websites will definitely get you on the path to addressing your particular issues and concerns.
Military Law Task Force
This group’s editorials have a decidedly liberal slant, but overall the site is very good for up-to-date military law news and common sense advice if you find yourself in a pickle.
Military.com
If you’re still in the service and you’re not visiting this site every day, you should be. All the latest news and headlines affecting the military from around the world, including spouse news.
Army
This site also contains the Manual for Courts-Martial and pubs common to all services.
Air Force
Air Force Personnel Command –this publication will address questions about correction of military records, discharge upgrade, and the physical disability board of review.
Navy/Marines
For the Navy/Marines – The Board for Correction of Naval Records is located in Arlington, VA and is a paper appeal only. The Naval Discharge Review Board allows a personal appearance and is located in Washington, DC at the historic Navy Yard.
Coast Guard
For the Coast Guard – The US Coast Guard falls under the control of both DoD and the Department of Homeland Security. Uniform personnel may apply to the CGBCMR and CGDRB for a correction to records or a discharge upgrade.
DoD Reading Room
This page can also be accessed through the AFPC website and houses past decisions of the Boards for Correction of Military/Naval Records and the Discharge Review Boards. There is a search feature, so you don’t need to comb through hundreds of documents.
Manual for Courts Martial
The military justice system is common to all services and this is the guide used by all military lawyers and judges. Some parts may be a bit dense for non-lawyers, but I recommend going straight to the punitive articles if you are suspected of committing a crime.
Veterans’ Administration Schedule of Ratings and Disabilities (VASRD)
Also known as 38 CFR Book C, is the military and VA bible for rating service-connected disabilities. Read this before you go in for your separation physical or C&P exam.
For a quick and simple guide, check out Military Disability Made Easy.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) V
The last word on mental health in America. If you want the book, it will cost you, but this website is the next best thing.
Separation Codes and RE Codes
Can’t figure out your DD214? This article on About.com is very informative, as are all of Mr. Powers’ postings on the military.